Analysis on Magnetic Field and Eddy Current Loss in the Disk Coreless Permanent Magnetic Synchronous Motor
Axial flux disk coreless machine, contrasting with the traditional radial flux machine, has many obvious advantages: its structure is simple, the expense of machining and assembling is lower, its running is steady, no excitation current, and the efficiency and the power is enhanced. The development trend of the disk machine is permanent magnet machine. The rare earth permanent material is the first selection to make the permanent magnet in the machine. In our country, the disk permanent magnet machine has been developed. But the machine is being trial-manufacture. And there are many Alnico magnets problems to be solved.The paper mainly analyses the air gap magnetic flux density of the machine, and studies every factor influencing the air gap magnetic flux density of the machine. The main content just as the list below:First, the development and application of PMSM are briefly reviewed.
The performance of the permanent magnetic material and selection, the design principle of the magnetic circuit, the theory of the electromagnetic field, and the FEM software are introduced.Second, through the combination of the electromagnetic field, the FEM software and the structure, the paper designs about twenty FEM programs, which constitute a software package aiming at the calculation of the magnetic field of the disk permanent magnet machine. Through the software package, the paper analysis the magnetic flux density in the air gap.When describing the three-dimensional distribution of the air gap magnetic flux density, the data should be exported from FEM software, and then the other math plotting tool is used to plot the three-dimensional magnetic flux density figure. For the problem of compatibility of the data format, the data format, exported from the FEM software, should be coordinated into the requirement of the other math tools. For the large quantities of the data, the paper http://www.999magnet.com designed a Vb program to handle the data automatically.Third, according to the software package, the paper made a series of analysis of the air gap magnetic flux density, including three-dimensional open domain magnetic analysis, the influence to the magnetic flux density of the permanent magnet thickness, the analysis of the magnetic flux density when the variation of the width of the permanent magnet, the analysis of Halbach array of different angle and the analysis of the air gap magnetic flux density at different radiation. All the analysis above offered a foundation of the designation of the permanent magnet in the disk coreless machine.Last, according to the analysis of the magnetic flux density of the disk machine, the paper presents an optimization designation of the machine. Then, the modeling and analysis is made. The result of the analysis indicates that the optimization designation could achieve more ideal sine wave. Furthermore, the eddy current loss is analyzed qualitatively. And the analysis indicates that the eddy current loss could be reduced largely.
2012年9月29日星期六
Research on Adaptive Fuzzy Control for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors
Research on Adaptive Fuzzy Control for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors
With the development of power electronics, motor manufacturing technology, progress of theories of AC speed regulation system and new control strategies, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor has obtained the widespread development and application, particularly in the case that required high precision and high reliability, such as national defense, robot, automotive electronics and so on. And it also holds the pivotal status in the modern alternating current motors Magnetic lifter .PMSM fuzzy adaptive control which bases on vector control system is the research object in this thesis. Firstly the development of AC speed regulation system, the control strategies used in the PMSM control system and the mathematics model of PMSM are generalized in this thesis. Then, PMSM vector control system is set up. Good performance can be achieved when the PI controller’s parameters match with the control system. However, the parameters of PI have to be modified when the system’s parameters change. Fuzzy control has the advantage of not relying on the object mathematical model and strongly robustness so it can overcome the uncertainty of element in the system such as parameter change and non-linear change and can realize the high quality control performance of the system. Fuzzy control combined http://www.999magnet.com with PI control is applied in the PMSM control system. The simulation results under MATLAB/SIMULINK environment prove that better performance can be obtained by using the compound controller than PI controller.In view of PMSM uncertainty, one kind of indirect adaptive fuzzy controller is used. Indirect adaptive fuzzy controller which uses universal approximation property of fuzzy systems through online adjustment adaptive parameters can guarantee the convergence of the PMSM output to the given signal. Theoretical study and the simulation research indicate that the system response still have a good dynamic performance and track reference signal when PMSM parameter or the load suddenly change.
With the development of power electronics, motor manufacturing technology, progress of theories of AC speed regulation system and new control strategies, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor has obtained the widespread development and application, particularly in the case that required high precision and high reliability, such as national defense, robot, automotive electronics and so on. And it also holds the pivotal status in the modern alternating current motors Magnetic lifter .PMSM fuzzy adaptive control which bases on vector control system is the research object in this thesis. Firstly the development of AC speed regulation system, the control strategies used in the PMSM control system and the mathematics model of PMSM are generalized in this thesis. Then, PMSM vector control system is set up. Good performance can be achieved when the PI controller’s parameters match with the control system. However, the parameters of PI have to be modified when the system’s parameters change. Fuzzy control has the advantage of not relying on the object mathematical model and strongly robustness so it can overcome the uncertainty of element in the system such as parameter change and non-linear change and can realize the high quality control performance of the system. Fuzzy control combined http://www.999magnet.com with PI control is applied in the PMSM control system. The simulation results under MATLAB/SIMULINK environment prove that better performance can be obtained by using the compound controller than PI controller.In view of PMSM uncertainty, one kind of indirect adaptive fuzzy controller is used. Indirect adaptive fuzzy controller which uses universal approximation property of fuzzy systems through online adjustment adaptive parameters can guarantee the convergence of the PMSM output to the given signal. Theoretical study and the simulation research indicate that the system response still have a good dynamic performance and track reference signal when PMSM parameter or the load suddenly change.
Research of the Direct Torque Control and Variable Structure Slide Mode in the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
Research of the Direct Torque Control and Variable Structure Slide Mode in the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) has the advantages of high magnet density,small torque pulse, big torque-inertia, high efficiency, simple construct and so on. PMSM hasbeen applied to the occasions that requires high precision of control and high reliability far andwide, such as avigation, numerical control machine tool, radar and some military weaponsfollow Ball Neodymium Magnets Research of the Direct Torque Control and Variable Structure Slide Mode in the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor systems, robot and so on. In addition, it plays an important part in Ac motors in moderntimes.Research of the Direct Torque Control and Variable Structure Slide Mode in the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Firstly, the organization and characteristic of PMSM is introduced, and the mathematicsmodels in various coordinates are set up. Then the principle of PMSM DTC is discussed deeply.And the action of voltage space vector on flux linkage and torque is analyzed. The figure ofprinciple structure is proposed.According to the principle and structure of http://www.chinamagnets.biz PMSM DTC, the thesis set up the sub-modelsof PMSM DTC system by MatLab/SimuLink. The simulation of opened-loop and closed-loopare carried out. And the simulation results show the method is effective in virtue of thecharacteristic of the quickly dynamics response of DTC technology.Due to the large torque ripple of induction motor in DTC system, especially in low speed,this thesis introduced a sliding theory. Variable structure control system with sliding mode whichcan be designed is insensitive to system parameters change and load disturbance, and has theadvantages of good robustness, quick response and so on. Accordingly, it’s hopeful to design acontrol strategy of high quality by applying sliding mode control to the control of PMSM servosystem.Based on the analysis of sliding mode control theory, characteristics, the causes ofchattering and decreased methods, a sliding mode controller is adopted to the control of PMSM in this paper. Then the simulation of the sliding mode controller is done and through thesimulation curves, the control effect of this controller are analysed.
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) has the advantages of high magnet density,small torque pulse, big torque-inertia, high efficiency, simple construct and so on. PMSM hasbeen applied to the occasions that requires high precision of control and high reliability far andwide, such as avigation, numerical control machine tool, radar and some military weaponsfollow Ball Neodymium Magnets Research of the Direct Torque Control and Variable Structure Slide Mode in the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor systems, robot and so on. In addition, it plays an important part in Ac motors in moderntimes.Research of the Direct Torque Control and Variable Structure Slide Mode in the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Firstly, the organization and characteristic of PMSM is introduced, and the mathematicsmodels in various coordinates are set up. Then the principle of PMSM DTC is discussed deeply.And the action of voltage space vector on flux linkage and torque is analyzed. The figure ofprinciple structure is proposed.According to the principle and structure of http://www.chinamagnets.biz PMSM DTC, the thesis set up the sub-modelsof PMSM DTC system by MatLab/SimuLink. The simulation of opened-loop and closed-loopare carried out. And the simulation results show the method is effective in virtue of thecharacteristic of the quickly dynamics response of DTC technology.Due to the large torque ripple of induction motor in DTC system, especially in low speed,this thesis introduced a sliding theory. Variable structure control system with sliding mode whichcan be designed is insensitive to system parameters change and load disturbance, and has theadvantages of good robustness, quick response and so on. Accordingly, it’s hopeful to design acontrol strategy of high quality by applying sliding mode control to the control of PMSM servosystem.Based on the analysis of sliding mode control theory, characteristics, the causes ofchattering and decreased methods, a sliding mode controller is adopted to the control of PMSM in this paper. Then the simulation of the sliding mode controller is done and through thesimulation curves, the control effect of this controller are analysed.
Nonlinear Backstepping Design of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Controller
Nonlinear Backstepping Design of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Controller
Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) has been widely used in high performance drive applications for its advantages, such as compactness, high efficiency, reliability and suitability to environment. PMSM motor is a nonlinear controlled object that is multivariable and close coupled. At the same time, PMSM AC servo system exists some uncertain factors, such as Ball Neodymium Magnets parameter time-variation and load disturbance, thus ideal AC servo system request the robustness to these nonlinear segments. It is very difficult to realize by traditional control methods. Nonlinear control of PMSM has been a hot research topic of motor control technology. Backstepping design is a new recursive nonlinear control methodology that associated with Lyapunov stabilities theory. It has obvious superiority in the adaptive controller design of uncertain system.This paper presents a speed controller for PMSM based on adaptive backstepping method. Firstly, the state of the art review of PMSM control has been given based on many national and international references. It describes common nonlinear control methods and it gives analysis and comparison. Secondly, mathematical model of PMSM and AC servo system is introduced. Then, Lyapunov stability theory and backstepping design principle have been given. Through gradual correcting arithmetic, an unperturbed controller is designed http://www.chinamagnets.biz and global regulation or tracking is achieved. It concludes its advantages and disadvantages. Finally, under the situation of measurable rotor position and uncertain load torque T_l and induction L_d,L_q, using adaptive backstepping design method, choosingparameter adaptive update law, the speed controller of PMSM can be achieved. The simulation results verify the validity of the proposed method in terms of zero overshot, quick response, robust performance and its better tracking performance.
Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) has been widely used in high performance drive applications for its advantages, such as compactness, high efficiency, reliability and suitability to environment. PMSM motor is a nonlinear controlled object that is multivariable and close coupled. At the same time, PMSM AC servo system exists some uncertain factors, such as Ball Neodymium Magnets parameter time-variation and load disturbance, thus ideal AC servo system request the robustness to these nonlinear segments. It is very difficult to realize by traditional control methods. Nonlinear control of PMSM has been a hot research topic of motor control technology. Backstepping design is a new recursive nonlinear control methodology that associated with Lyapunov stabilities theory. It has obvious superiority in the adaptive controller design of uncertain system.This paper presents a speed controller for PMSM based on adaptive backstepping method. Firstly, the state of the art review of PMSM control has been given based on many national and international references. It describes common nonlinear control methods and it gives analysis and comparison. Secondly, mathematical model of PMSM and AC servo system is introduced. Then, Lyapunov stability theory and backstepping design principle have been given. Through gradual correcting arithmetic, an unperturbed controller is designed http://www.chinamagnets.biz and global regulation or tracking is achieved. It concludes its advantages and disadvantages. Finally, under the situation of measurable rotor position and uncertain load torque T_l and induction L_d,L_q, using adaptive backstepping design method, choosingparameter adaptive update law, the speed controller of PMSM can be achieved. The simulation results verify the validity of the proposed method in terms of zero overshot, quick response, robust performance and its better tracking performance.
Study of Fuzzy Control Method Based on Neural-network for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
Study of Fuzzy Control Method Based on Neural-network for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) has been widely used in high performance drive applications for its advantages, such as compactness, high efficiency, reliability and suitability to environment. In order to achieve high performance, the vector control of PMSM drive is employed. However, the controller design of the system plays crucial role in the system performance. Some machine parameters (for example rotor resistance) and drag load parameters (for example moment of inertia) often change with the different work conditions. At the same time, PMSM machine is a nonlinear controlled object. It is very difficult for traditional, linear and fixed gain PID controller to achieve the satisfactory control effect of higher precision. But the intelligent controller can improve system Neodymium Magnets adaptation to some disturbance and nonlinear factor, because it can self-adaptively change parameters and cover the deficiencies of linear fixed gain PID. As the important embranchment of intelligent control, fuzzy control based on neural network will have wide development future, because which synthesizes the merit of fuzzy control and neural network. So the study of fuzzy control method based on neural-network to PMSM has important theory and practical meaning.
The paper presents a fuzzy control method based on neural-network to PMSM. First, the basic theory of coordinate conversion, mathematical model of PMSM and basic theory of vector control is introduced. The i_d = 0 vector control scheme based on rotor field orientationis designed. The simulation model of current and speed double loops PMSM control system is made up in Matlab/Simulink. Second, the fuzzy self-adjusting PID controller is designed based on fuzzy PID theory as the speed controller of current and speed double loops PMSM vector control system. The simulation model of system is built in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The feasibility of fuzzy self-adjusting PID control method is proved. Then, neural network PID controller is designed and the http://www.999magnet.com PMSM is considered as a second-order transfer function. The system simulation is run using the m files of MATLAB. At last, the fuzzy controller based onneural-network is designed based on the study of fuzzy self-adjusting PID controller and neural network PID controller. The fuzzy controller based on neural-network remember fuzzy control rulers using neural network, which synthesizes the merits of fuzzy logic and neural network control. It has the characteristic of controlled object mathematical model-independence, learning ability and adaptability to the external environment. The fuzzy controller based on neural-network is used as the speed controller of PMSM current and speed double loops vector control system and the simulation is run and analyzed. The simulation results show the fuzzy control based on neural-network of PMSM has better response speed and overshoot than fuzzy control, which can better overcome external disturbance and parameter variation and has good dynamic and static performance.
Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) has been widely used in high performance drive applications for its advantages, such as compactness, high efficiency, reliability and suitability to environment. In order to achieve high performance, the vector control of PMSM drive is employed. However, the controller design of the system plays crucial role in the system performance. Some machine parameters (for example rotor resistance) and drag load parameters (for example moment of inertia) often change with the different work conditions. At the same time, PMSM machine is a nonlinear controlled object. It is very difficult for traditional, linear and fixed gain PID controller to achieve the satisfactory control effect of higher precision. But the intelligent controller can improve system Neodymium Magnets adaptation to some disturbance and nonlinear factor, because it can self-adaptively change parameters and cover the deficiencies of linear fixed gain PID. As the important embranchment of intelligent control, fuzzy control based on neural network will have wide development future, because which synthesizes the merit of fuzzy control and neural network. So the study of fuzzy control method based on neural-network to PMSM has important theory and practical meaning.
The paper presents a fuzzy control method based on neural-network to PMSM. First, the basic theory of coordinate conversion, mathematical model of PMSM and basic theory of vector control is introduced. The i_d = 0 vector control scheme based on rotor field orientationis designed. The simulation model of current and speed double loops PMSM control system is made up in Matlab/Simulink. Second, the fuzzy self-adjusting PID controller is designed based on fuzzy PID theory as the speed controller of current and speed double loops PMSM vector control system. The simulation model of system is built in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The feasibility of fuzzy self-adjusting PID control method is proved. Then, neural network PID controller is designed and the http://www.999magnet.com PMSM is considered as a second-order transfer function. The system simulation is run using the m files of MATLAB. At last, the fuzzy controller based onneural-network is designed based on the study of fuzzy self-adjusting PID controller and neural network PID controller. The fuzzy controller based on neural-network remember fuzzy control rulers using neural network, which synthesizes the merits of fuzzy logic and neural network control. It has the characteristic of controlled object mathematical model-independence, learning ability and adaptability to the external environment. The fuzzy controller based on neural-network is used as the speed controller of PMSM current and speed double loops vector control system and the simulation is run and analyzed. The simulation results show the fuzzy control based on neural-network of PMSM has better response speed and overshoot than fuzzy control, which can better overcome external disturbance and parameter variation and has good dynamic and static performance.
Study on Fuzzy-Sliding Model Control NC Rotary Table Permanent Magnet Ring Torque Motor Servo System
Study on Fuzzy-Sliding Model Control NC Rotary Table Permanent Magnet Ring Torque Motor Servo System
This dissertation is devoted to the study on low-speed stabilization of direct drive permanent magnet ring torque motor (PMRTM) servo system supported by National Science Foundation (No: 50375102). A lot of works were studied in direct torque technology and neodymium magnets control strategy.For AC servo system of quick changing and non-linear complex system, many kinds of methods are presented. Stabilization and robustness are the important indexes. PID controller is used in common servo system. It has the advantage of simple structure and good steady-state behavior, but not ideal in parametric variation and robustness of outside perturbation.
The method of Sliding mode control has been paid attention by many scholars. Because of its no overshoot, quick response and the robustness to system parameters and outer interrupts.The reason and the influence to the system of the dead time of inventor have studied in this paper, and present the method of rejection and weakening. According to the characteristic of NC rotary table direct drive PMRTM Servo System, combine with the performance of low-speed, an AC servo system with grading fuzzy sliding mode controller is presented in this paper and the deeper analysis and research have been done. The position controller of sliding mode is designed. With the error position and rotor speed as inputs, the controller can decide the current of stator through the uninterrupted http://www.chinamagnets.biz control that satisfies the sliding mode condition. So, the servo system has the good robustness to the change of parameters and outer interrupts.Because the chattering problem is the main reason of baffling the abroad application of sliding mode control method, the fuzzy arithmetic is added to solve the inhere chattering problem. The rules of the fuzzy arithmetic is that for the position of running point of phase track,the speed and the direction of the point, the adjective control is added to the former control. So, the system can keep the robustness and can decrease the chattering. At the same time, the result of deceasing chattering is analyzed.Finally, this paper analysis the results of the simulation. Simulated results obtained verify the validity of the proposed method in terms of robust performance, quick response and reduced chattering, good dynamic-static performance in AC servo system.
This dissertation is devoted to the study on low-speed stabilization of direct drive permanent magnet ring torque motor (PMRTM) servo system supported by National Science Foundation (No: 50375102). A lot of works were studied in direct torque technology and neodymium magnets control strategy.For AC servo system of quick changing and non-linear complex system, many kinds of methods are presented. Stabilization and robustness are the important indexes. PID controller is used in common servo system. It has the advantage of simple structure and good steady-state behavior, but not ideal in parametric variation and robustness of outside perturbation.
The method of Sliding mode control has been paid attention by many scholars. Because of its no overshoot, quick response and the robustness to system parameters and outer interrupts.The reason and the influence to the system of the dead time of inventor have studied in this paper, and present the method of rejection and weakening. According to the characteristic of NC rotary table direct drive PMRTM Servo System, combine with the performance of low-speed, an AC servo system with grading fuzzy sliding mode controller is presented in this paper and the deeper analysis and research have been done. The position controller of sliding mode is designed. With the error position and rotor speed as inputs, the controller can decide the current of stator through the uninterrupted http://www.chinamagnets.biz control that satisfies the sliding mode condition. So, the servo system has the good robustness to the change of parameters and outer interrupts.Because the chattering problem is the main reason of baffling the abroad application of sliding mode control method, the fuzzy arithmetic is added to solve the inhere chattering problem. The rules of the fuzzy arithmetic is that for the position of running point of phase track,the speed and the direction of the point, the adjective control is added to the former control. So, the system can keep the robustness and can decrease the chattering. At the same time, the result of deceasing chattering is analyzed.Finally, this paper analysis the results of the simulation. Simulated results obtained verify the validity of the proposed method in terms of robust performance, quick response and reduced chattering, good dynamic-static performance in AC servo system.
2012年9月25日星期二
Research on Design of Low-Speed and High-Torque Permanent Magnetic Synchronous Machine and CAD
Research on Design of Low-Speed and High-Torque Permanent Magnetic Synchronous Machine and CAD
Nowadays, the research on low speed and high-torque permanent magnetic synchronous machine are getting more and more attention in the fields of motors, and has great science significance and application value. However, the study of this kind of motor in our country just starts.This paper introduces research methods in detail of this kind of permanent magnetic synchronous machine and selects the typical application field — gearless permanent magnetic synchronous machine Neodymium Magnets in elevator of high efficiency and power density — as the research task.
This paper starts the optimization of the electronic, electrical and mechanical incorporate drive system, and research on improving the inner potential waveform and torque ripples at low frequency. According to the optimization of the machine and load, this paper designs the gearless permanent magnetic synchronous machine of high efficiency and power density. It supply with sinusoidal pulse width modifying inverter, suitable for direct drive of elevator and no gear reduction is needed. This system has not only simplified the construction of transmission mechanism, but also increased precision and reliability of the control system. Moreover, it also establishes the base of other drive system of low speed and high torque and has great value.In this paper, electromagnet field calculations, torque ripples calculations, software package design and experimentation of this machine are studied systematically. The contrastive analysis of electromagnet field of permanent magnetic synchronous machines having http://www.999magnet.com different design characteristics is made and drew some useful conclusions. According to the feature of low-speed and high-torque permanent magnetic synchronous machine, the output torques are also calculated in different positions based on the ANSYS software.Based on the conventional design methods, this paper uses Java language to write the special design software package. It realized the electromagnet field calculation and simulation of control systems according to start ANSYS and Matlab software respectively. According to the mathematical model and vector control method of permanent magnetic synchronous machine, the drive system was experimented. The results of experiment indicate the correctness of the mathematical model and the feasibility of the control method, and the machine is steadying at low-speed.
Nowadays, the research on low speed and high-torque permanent magnetic synchronous machine are getting more and more attention in the fields of motors, and has great science significance and application value. However, the study of this kind of motor in our country just starts.This paper introduces research methods in detail of this kind of permanent magnetic synchronous machine and selects the typical application field — gearless permanent magnetic synchronous machine Neodymium Magnets in elevator of high efficiency and power density — as the research task.
This paper starts the optimization of the electronic, electrical and mechanical incorporate drive system, and research on improving the inner potential waveform and torque ripples at low frequency. According to the optimization of the machine and load, this paper designs the gearless permanent magnetic synchronous machine of high efficiency and power density. It supply with sinusoidal pulse width modifying inverter, suitable for direct drive of elevator and no gear reduction is needed. This system has not only simplified the construction of transmission mechanism, but also increased precision and reliability of the control system. Moreover, it also establishes the base of other drive system of low speed and high torque and has great value.In this paper, electromagnet field calculations, torque ripples calculations, software package design and experimentation of this machine are studied systematically. The contrastive analysis of electromagnet field of permanent magnetic synchronous machines having http://www.999magnet.com different design characteristics is made and drew some useful conclusions. According to the feature of low-speed and high-torque permanent magnetic synchronous machine, the output torques are also calculated in different positions based on the ANSYS software.Based on the conventional design methods, this paper uses Java language to write the special design software package. It realized the electromagnet field calculation and simulation of control systems according to start ANSYS and Matlab software respectively. According to the mathematical model and vector control method of permanent magnetic synchronous machine, the drive system was experimented. The results of experiment indicate the correctness of the mathematical model and the feasibility of the control method, and the machine is steadying at low-speed.
Study on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Control in Electric Vehicle Application Based on the ADRC
Study on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Control in Electric Vehicle Application Based on the ADRC
Automobile industry is one of the largest and the most important industry all the world, and it is also the main support industry in almost every developed country. Because motor is the core of the electric vehicle power system, naturally the motor’s control technology is the core technology in the field of electric vehicle. Motor used in electric vehicle consists of DC motor, induction motor, permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), switched reluctance motor, and so on. Permanent magnet synchronous motors have numerous inherent advantages over other machines that are conventionally neodymium magnets used for AC servo drives. High efficiency, high power density (kw/kg) and high torque to inertia ratio are some of the PMSM characteristics responsible for its wide utilization in different domains.Torque control is a key problem to be solved in PMSM speed regulating system. Coordinate transformation is a valid method to describe the torque characteristic of the PMSM. Using three phase static coordinate to two phase static coordinate, and two phase static coordinate to two phase rotational coordinate, the mathematic model can be represented as the model of DC motor, which has a similar torque characteristic as DC motor. Recently, there are many sensorless control algorithms for the control of PMSM, but most of them have the disadvantage of over-complicated and lack of robustness, then they can not be used widely. The active disturbance rejection strategy is independence of plant models.
By using the extended state observer, the AC system has stronger robustness, which can overcome nonlinearity and coupling of the parameters of PMSM. Also, it can surmount parameters excursion caused by temperature change.Based on the corresponding research achievements abroad and domestic status of the technology, this paper addresses the study of PMSM control for electric vehicle on the aspect of active disturbance rejection strategy in sensorless control in PMSM and the corresponding hardware and software of the control system. By using the Simulink and Advisor software, the simulation is performed. And part experiment is done with a test vehicle. The specific work of this paper is as follows.First, based on the comprehensively deep research on the PMSM mathematic model, a novel speed and current regulator, namely the active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC), is proposed to achieve high performance PMSM drive by using the coordinate transformation technique. To make the speed and the d axis current in q axis current equation as disturbance, then the speed disturbance model and its structural diagram is set up based on the q axis current regulator to estimate the speed the PMSM. Compared to the traditional PI controller, the ADRC has better adaptability, low static and dynamic error, and good anti-disturbance ability. What’s more, the speed estimation based on the ADRC is more accurate and applicable than the EKF method.In order to restrain the disturbances in PMSM servo drive caused by the changes of load, friction and rotor inertia, a speed control method based http://www.chinamagnets.biz on ADRC techniques is presented in this dissertation, and the speed ADRC model is proposed. Based on ADRC, these parameter changes are regarded as disturbances of the related loop in PMSM servo system, which are estimated and then compensated by the ADRC.
The MatLAB simulation results show that the servo system robust to those disturbances from 0r/min to 2000r/min, and the friction torque is compensated by the control method. The effect of dead-time in the speed tracking system has been restrained. Compared to the PI control method, the ADRC is also better in static and dynamic response and anti-disturbance ability with internal parameters changed, such as the increase of inertia, or external disturbance occurring.A new electric vehicle power system with lead acid battery and PMSM is also designed. By the simulation software Advisor, the battery, electromotor drive system and whole vehicle models are set up. The simulation results have shown that the vehicle can got a maxim speed 89.2 km/h and a acceleration 2.7 m/s~2, and the actual speed can track the speed of duty cycle. These proved that the design of the power system is practical and feasible.Lastly, part experiment is done based on the TMS320LF2407A DSP with a IPM power converter and using the space voltage vector PWM method. The experiment configure is composed of the interface circuit, the control loop circuit, the measurement circuit and the CAN communication module. The ADRC and the speed estimation algorithm are realized in the DSP. The idiographic software flow charts are given in this paper. The communication between the Host Computer and the DSP is realized through the CAN bus which can accomplish the instructions running, the parameters setting and the data capture function. The CAN receiving box and sending box of DSP is MB0X1 and MBOX4 respectively. The Host Computer can supervise the running condition of servo system on line. The experimental results obtained by the TDS-220 oscilloscope have further proved the speed estimation scheme proposed in this paper is accurate and have fast response in wide speed range. To summarize, this paper offers a powerful assist for further research and establishes the foundation for future analyses and development of PMSM control in electric vehicle.
Automobile industry is one of the largest and the most important industry all the world, and it is also the main support industry in almost every developed country. Because motor is the core of the electric vehicle power system, naturally the motor’s control technology is the core technology in the field of electric vehicle. Motor used in electric vehicle consists of DC motor, induction motor, permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), switched reluctance motor, and so on. Permanent magnet synchronous motors have numerous inherent advantages over other machines that are conventionally neodymium magnets used for AC servo drives. High efficiency, high power density (kw/kg) and high torque to inertia ratio are some of the PMSM characteristics responsible for its wide utilization in different domains.Torque control is a key problem to be solved in PMSM speed regulating system. Coordinate transformation is a valid method to describe the torque characteristic of the PMSM. Using three phase static coordinate to two phase static coordinate, and two phase static coordinate to two phase rotational coordinate, the mathematic model can be represented as the model of DC motor, which has a similar torque characteristic as DC motor. Recently, there are many sensorless control algorithms for the control of PMSM, but most of them have the disadvantage of over-complicated and lack of robustness, then they can not be used widely. The active disturbance rejection strategy is independence of plant models.
By using the extended state observer, the AC system has stronger robustness, which can overcome nonlinearity and coupling of the parameters of PMSM. Also, it can surmount parameters excursion caused by temperature change.Based on the corresponding research achievements abroad and domestic status of the technology, this paper addresses the study of PMSM control for electric vehicle on the aspect of active disturbance rejection strategy in sensorless control in PMSM and the corresponding hardware and software of the control system. By using the Simulink and Advisor software, the simulation is performed. And part experiment is done with a test vehicle. The specific work of this paper is as follows.First, based on the comprehensively deep research on the PMSM mathematic model, a novel speed and current regulator, namely the active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC), is proposed to achieve high performance PMSM drive by using the coordinate transformation technique. To make the speed and the d axis current in q axis current equation as disturbance, then the speed disturbance model and its structural diagram is set up based on the q axis current regulator to estimate the speed the PMSM. Compared to the traditional PI controller, the ADRC has better adaptability, low static and dynamic error, and good anti-disturbance ability. What’s more, the speed estimation based on the ADRC is more accurate and applicable than the EKF method.In order to restrain the disturbances in PMSM servo drive caused by the changes of load, friction and rotor inertia, a speed control method based http://www.chinamagnets.biz on ADRC techniques is presented in this dissertation, and the speed ADRC model is proposed. Based on ADRC, these parameter changes are regarded as disturbances of the related loop in PMSM servo system, which are estimated and then compensated by the ADRC.
The MatLAB simulation results show that the servo system robust to those disturbances from 0r/min to 2000r/min, and the friction torque is compensated by the control method. The effect of dead-time in the speed tracking system has been restrained. Compared to the PI control method, the ADRC is also better in static and dynamic response and anti-disturbance ability with internal parameters changed, such as the increase of inertia, or external disturbance occurring.A new electric vehicle power system with lead acid battery and PMSM is also designed. By the simulation software Advisor, the battery, electromotor drive system and whole vehicle models are set up. The simulation results have shown that the vehicle can got a maxim speed 89.2 km/h and a acceleration 2.7 m/s~2, and the actual speed can track the speed of duty cycle. These proved that the design of the power system is practical and feasible.Lastly, part experiment is done based on the TMS320LF2407A DSP with a IPM power converter and using the space voltage vector PWM method. The experiment configure is composed of the interface circuit, the control loop circuit, the measurement circuit and the CAN communication module. The ADRC and the speed estimation algorithm are realized in the DSP. The idiographic software flow charts are given in this paper. The communication between the Host Computer and the DSP is realized through the CAN bus which can accomplish the instructions running, the parameters setting and the data capture function. The CAN receiving box and sending box of DSP is MB0X1 and MBOX4 respectively. The Host Computer can supervise the running condition of servo system on line. The experimental results obtained by the TDS-220 oscilloscope have further proved the speed estimation scheme proposed in this paper is accurate and have fast response in wide speed range. To summarize, this paper offers a powerful assist for further research and establishes the foundation for future analyses and development of PMSM control in electric vehicle.
2012年9月21日星期五
Structure and Magnetic Properties of Co-Zr Alloys
Structure and Magnetic Properties of Co-Zr Alloys
Magnetic materials occupies important position in society in the nowadays , catch hitherto unknown attention right away once third generation rare earth permanent magnetism Nd-Fe-B appearing in the market,proprietor’s making joint efforts also makes development of Nd-Fe-B series permanent magnetism very swift and violent , very quick, and the function using latent energy one empty space to be enearth, changeable function difficulty continuing improving Nd-Fe-B , self contain abuse of rare earth easy to oxidize also being difficult to solve more well. People starts appearing that hopes in another one kind of much better permanent magnetic materials.Co-Zr base the series alloy is beginning to study in 1964, the initial stage it is exceeded high anisotropy field above metal permanent magnetic materials, quickness quenches material having very good suppleness , this is that reality very suitable applies a characteristic of the Co-Zr base series alloy. People are discovered, Co-Zr base series alloy hard magnetism properties is controlled by Co5Zr phase , this one phase finds that on 1986 by Z.Block Neodymium magnets Altounian first in amorphous alloy, Co5Zr phase has fcc structure, space group F43m or F23 , crystal lattice constant a = 6.7A; ,Curie temperature Tc=500℃. Often, the existence has fcc Co phase, Co11Zr2 phase and Co23Zr6 phase in Co-Zr base alloy. in Nature fcc Co only stabilize existence in all above 425℃, but it can be discover often all various smelting and quenching quickly in Co-Zr series alloy.Co11Zr2. Co11Zr2 phase has Pcna space group orthogonality crystal structure, crystal lattice constant a = 4.8A,b = 8.2A,c = 36A ,Curie temperature 490℃. Co23Zr6 phase has fcc structure,space group Fm3m, crystal lattice constant a=11.56A. A important condition having uniaxial anisotropy, being that magnetic materials is able to apply.We have studied the Co80+xZr20-x(0≤x≤4)alloy structure and magnetism properties:Co80+xZr20-x(0≤x≤4)smelting alloys have taking form rough crystal structure by arc stove. Most probably, smelting alloy middle mainly contains fcc Co phase, Co5Zr phase two kinds from the X-ray diffraction result having the broad diffraction peak, the broad diffraction peak is in a process changing each other being indicating a sample per se right away , liquid state changes to fcc Co phase, Co5Zr phase from ebullition metal state, crystal particle being are rough by cooled speed effect. Sample has saturation magnetization 71 emu/g , as a result of Co5Zr phase existence. In the smelting sample, rough crystal particle of Co5Zr phasee also pointing out that we, exercise direct heat treatment of smelting sample may become acquisition the Co5Zr compound.
Quench the technology progress quickly , make this one handicraft become important means for study of science and production. Speed of melt-spun, to Co80+xZr20-x(0≤x≤4) alloys quench the effect bringing structure and the function along slightly quickly very big.To Co80+xZr20-x(x=1、3、4) alloy, quickness quenches having dried as well as with 40 m/s speed , the Co84Zr16 alloy quickly quenches sample having being amorphism state very well, saturation magnetization intensity 61 emu/g , coercive force 90 Oe , magnetic moment per atom 1.10μB. Electric charge between Co atom 3d energy bands and Zr atom metastasis.Co80+xZr20-x(x=0、2) alloys with 25m/s speed melt-spun quickness quenches strip, manily have fcc Co and Co5Zr phase structure, have approximately 0.5 kOe coercive force, it totally different from alloys strip with 25m/s speed melt-spun quickness quenches. With the increase of Zr content x in the Co-Zr alloys, coercive force increase, saturation magnetization http://www.999magnet.com
intensity increase, magnetic moment per atom increase, content of the Co5Zr phase also increases in melt-spun quickness quenches Co-Zr alloys. Therefore, continued changing the alloy component and melt-spun speed, be able to obtain Co5Zr compounds and more good magnetism properties , it opens up a road to clearer know characterof the Co5Zr compound.Heat treatment Co80+xZr20-x(x=1、3、4) alloys, that melt-spun with 40 m/s speed, the heat treatment temperature is 550℃, 650℃, 750℃, heat treatment time is 2 hours. Sample after heat treatment, saturation magnetize intensity and magnetic moment per atom increase with the heat treatment temperature enhance. X-ray diffraction result of heat treatment Co81Zr19 quickness quenches strip point out that, fcc Co occupies main position, and a few Co23Zr6 phase, and with the heat treatment temperature increase, crystal spend gradually changeable completeness. Therefore, fcc Co appearing, is playing decisive role to the magnetism of quickness quenches alloys, crystal is spent gradually perfect, the crystal particle growth has produced effect also to magnetism. Electricity mirror result demonstrates , the strain of quickness quenches alloys has effect and inhibitory action to the crystal particle growth certain.In sum, we have known hard magnetism phase——Co5Zr phase can come true by two kinds approach in Co-Zr alloy, this have provided for this gaining the Co5Zr compound to facilitate. Various clear cognition Co5Zr compound physical property, further improve Co-Zr series alloy magnetism.
Magnetic materials occupies important position in society in the nowadays , catch hitherto unknown attention right away once third generation rare earth permanent magnetism Nd-Fe-B appearing in the market,proprietor’s making joint efforts also makes development of Nd-Fe-B series permanent magnetism very swift and violent , very quick, and the function using latent energy one empty space to be enearth, changeable function difficulty continuing improving Nd-Fe-B , self contain abuse of rare earth easy to oxidize also being difficult to solve more well. People starts appearing that hopes in another one kind of much better permanent magnetic materials.Co-Zr base the series alloy is beginning to study in 1964, the initial stage it is exceeded high anisotropy field above metal permanent magnetic materials, quickness quenches material having very good suppleness , this is that reality very suitable applies a characteristic of the Co-Zr base series alloy. People are discovered, Co-Zr base series alloy hard magnetism properties is controlled by Co5Zr phase , this one phase finds that on 1986 by Z.Block Neodymium magnets Altounian first in amorphous alloy, Co5Zr phase has fcc structure, space group F43m or F23 , crystal lattice constant a = 6.7A; ,Curie temperature Tc=500℃. Often, the existence has fcc Co phase, Co11Zr2 phase and Co23Zr6 phase in Co-Zr base alloy. in Nature fcc Co only stabilize existence in all above 425℃, but it can be discover often all various smelting and quenching quickly in Co-Zr series alloy.Co11Zr2. Co11Zr2 phase has Pcna space group orthogonality crystal structure, crystal lattice constant a = 4.8A,b = 8.2A,c = 36A ,Curie temperature 490℃. Co23Zr6 phase has fcc structure,space group Fm3m, crystal lattice constant a=11.56A. A important condition having uniaxial anisotropy, being that magnetic materials is able to apply.We have studied the Co80+xZr20-x(0≤x≤4)alloy structure and magnetism properties:Co80+xZr20-x(0≤x≤4)smelting alloys have taking form rough crystal structure by arc stove. Most probably, smelting alloy middle mainly contains fcc Co phase, Co5Zr phase two kinds from the X-ray diffraction result having the broad diffraction peak, the broad diffraction peak is in a process changing each other being indicating a sample per se right away , liquid state changes to fcc Co phase, Co5Zr phase from ebullition metal state, crystal particle being are rough by cooled speed effect. Sample has saturation magnetization 71 emu/g , as a result of Co5Zr phase existence. In the smelting sample, rough crystal particle of Co5Zr phasee also pointing out that we, exercise direct heat treatment of smelting sample may become acquisition the Co5Zr compound.
Quench the technology progress quickly , make this one handicraft become important means for study of science and production. Speed of melt-spun, to Co80+xZr20-x(0≤x≤4) alloys quench the effect bringing structure and the function along slightly quickly very big.To Co80+xZr20-x(x=1、3、4) alloy, quickness quenches having dried as well as with 40 m/s speed , the Co84Zr16 alloy quickly quenches sample having being amorphism state very well, saturation magnetization intensity 61 emu/g , coercive force 90 Oe , magnetic moment per atom 1.10μB. Electric charge between Co atom 3d energy bands and Zr atom metastasis.Co80+xZr20-x(x=0、2) alloys with 25m/s speed melt-spun quickness quenches strip, manily have fcc Co and Co5Zr phase structure, have approximately 0.5 kOe coercive force, it totally different from alloys strip with 25m/s speed melt-spun quickness quenches. With the increase of Zr content x in the Co-Zr alloys, coercive force increase, saturation magnetization http://www.999magnet.com
intensity increase, magnetic moment per atom increase, content of the Co5Zr phase also increases in melt-spun quickness quenches Co-Zr alloys. Therefore, continued changing the alloy component and melt-spun speed, be able to obtain Co5Zr compounds and more good magnetism properties , it opens up a road to clearer know characterof the Co5Zr compound.Heat treatment Co80+xZr20-x(x=1、3、4) alloys, that melt-spun with 40 m/s speed, the heat treatment temperature is 550℃, 650℃, 750℃, heat treatment time is 2 hours. Sample after heat treatment, saturation magnetize intensity and magnetic moment per atom increase with the heat treatment temperature enhance. X-ray diffraction result of heat treatment Co81Zr19 quickness quenches strip point out that, fcc Co occupies main position, and a few Co23Zr6 phase, and with the heat treatment temperature increase, crystal spend gradually changeable completeness. Therefore, fcc Co appearing, is playing decisive role to the magnetism of quickness quenches alloys, crystal is spent gradually perfect, the crystal particle growth has produced effect also to magnetism. Electricity mirror result demonstrates , the strain of quickness quenches alloys has effect and inhibitory action to the crystal particle growth certain.In sum, we have known hard magnetism phase——Co5Zr phase can come true by two kinds approach in Co-Zr alloy, this have provided for this gaining the Co5Zr compound to facilitate. Various clear cognition Co5Zr compound physical property, further improve Co-Zr series alloy magnetism.
The Joint Effect between Advertisements and Public Relations
The Joint Effect between Advertisements and Public Relations
This article through to Luming group in China marketing strategy transformation thorough analysis, discovered the joint effect between advertisements and public relations (advertisements and the public relations’union application) is should promptly the marketing strategy greatly succeeds in application of Luming group in China.Luming group in China is the large-scale privately operated high tech enterprise group which National Technical department recognized, has the rare earth luminescent material and the product, the semiconductor illumination core, the illumination and the demonstration, the nanometer Functional Materials, the photoelectron industry garden development construction and so on five big service tectonic plates, specially in the persistent effect rare earth self-luminescent material and the high luminance, on the high efficiency semiconductor illumination chip two big tectonic plates the service is prominent.This article first makes a diagnosis to Luming group in China earlier period management and the marketing condition, although discovers Luming group in China Special shape NdFeB magnets earlier period to have compares the person of high skill only then, the technology and the equipment , but management condition throughout not entirely as desired, if equips high does not adapt.Further analyzes found the problem leaves in its marketing strategy. Luming group in China establishes the beginning, its high-level superintendent thought in the marketing activity process, must cause the company the product blooming, creates the good sales achievement, the public relations strategy ingenious application should play the indispensable role.
Thought in the marketing activity, the market competition key is one kind of attention competition.And fully enhances the enterprise using the manufacture news event this public relations method well-knownness, plays the public relation card greatly, the enterprise but although obtained certain economic efficiency not to be long-time, after period of time the enterprise managed the sound of ocean waves as before.Luming group in China high-level superintendents realize the public relations activity disease, decided formulates the marketing strategy, shifts the marketing activity center of gravity to the product advertisement comes up.Thought so long as the heavy bombing advertisement, the sales nature comes up.Therefore this stage marketing activity besides delivery television advertisement, but also full puts in the enterprise advertisement and the product advertisement in the specialized magazine.Because the whole world originates in at that time its production was self-luminescent material product does not have the competitor, relied on merely in the television and the specialized magazine makes the advertisement to obtain the high quota profit.Luming group in China has tasted the advertisement benefit, thought the enterprise had already found the marketing activity not two principles, decided increases the advertisement dynamics unceasingly, obtains the bigger market share by the time.But after passes through a period of time advertisement practice to discover that, the product sales volume anticipated high rate of increment, instead has not presented glides down the tendency.
The this time Luming group in China knew perfectly well the only advertisement the delivery has not been able to bring more benefits for the company, but does not dare under such competition environment to reduce the advertisements the investment, assumes is unable to back down.Later period, Luming group in China high-level superintendents thoroughly have analyzed the market environment and own product nature, thought present market environment complex changeable, the competition is intense, simultaneously the group produces the majority of products all are in the product chain the middle position, The pure use advertisements or the public relations marketing method achieved with difficulty the anticipated goal, decided with one kind of brand-new marketing pattern―the joint effect between advertisements and the public relations, achieved new seeks to make a profit the commanding point.The new marketing strategy appears the merely half year time, only a self-luminescent material sales volume from 80,000,000 flies upwards 130,000,000 Yuan.LED and other each item of product sales volume also assumes the trend of escalation.Meanwhile after the Bell model analysis, after the enterprise implements the advertisement and the public relation linkage, the consumer (customer) the enterprise and the brand cognition situation which involves to the advertisements propaganda in enhances largely, degree of satisfaction index obvious increase.Through above case, we draw the following conclusion: Joint effect between advertisements and public relations suffices to give occupies the product chain middle position enterprise to bring a bigger benefit, makes the enterprise to maintain the more exuberant development potential.Analyzes the marketing strategy of Luming group in China which succeeds http://www.999magnet.com using joint effect between advertisements and the public relations, its reason has following three factors:First, the idea renews, the management level has the profound understanding and the understanding to the conformity marketing theory.The marketing idea takes one kind of management philosophy, the social consciousness, but evolves unceasingly along with the development of social economy and the change of market situation.Luming group in China thought that they must change the marketing idea rapidly, revolves the customer to need,Depends on the enterprise brand, the realization conformity marketing dissemination strategy.And realized succeeds the reason to the conformity marketing theory to lie in: It can divide the valueable customers,analysis the commercial profit,the connection hastens the diversification to the customer and enterprise’s information.As well as obtains and so on to the customers degree of satisfaction and the commercial profit a series of factors to carry on the overall plan consideration. Luming group in China is experiencing in the marketing idea by the public relations marketing idea -> advertisements marketing idea -> joint effect between advertisements and the public relations marketing idea unceasing evolution, has had the brand-new concept to the market.
Joint effect between advertisements and the public relations is precisely in under the conformity marketing theory direction, union enterprise’s own characteristic raises.And through the practice confirmation joint effect between advertisements and the public relations regarding Luming group’s marketing achievement is merely the effective principles.Second, to the group marketing success or failure root full understanding is the important safeguard and the operation foundation.Luming group’s superintendents have repeatedly experienced the success -- defeat--success experiences in the marketing activities, passes through analyzes the summary to discover earnestly: Because the group produces 80% above product all occupy the product chain middle position, but produces the between product enterprise’s marketing activity effect mainly to be decided by collaborator’s quantity and the appraisal orientation, but the collaborator most regards as important is the enterprise in the management vivid aspect dissemination effect.The advertisements or the public relations alone application all with difficulty achieves above goal. Then how the conformity good enterprise resources, did achieve best enterprise image dissemination effect, this is the marketing activity success or failure. Luming group in China proposed the joint effect between advertisements and public relations, has used the http://www.999magnet.com advertisements and the public relations fully can enhance the product brand image and enterprise image this characteristic, through practice, if really got up the effect which got quick results.Third, good communication ability subdues the safeguard.Because Luming group in China produces 80% above product all occupy the product chain middle position, but produces the between product enterprise’s marketing activity effect mainly to be decided by collaborator’s quantity and the appraisal orientation, therefore they must establish and maintain good relations between the enterprise and collaborator’s.Luming group in China through increases collaborator’s way under joint effect between advertisement and public relations instruction to develop the market, and (i.e. collaborator) carries on the service communication through many kinds of ways and the customer.At the same time, Luming group in China also establishes the good relations with others .The dynamic applicatio of communication between advertisements and the public relations, its effect is not simple adding together, but is the coordination effect which promotes mutually, has achieved the perfect communication effect.
This article through to Luming group in China marketing strategy transformation thorough analysis, discovered the joint effect between advertisements and public relations (advertisements and the public relations’union application) is should promptly the marketing strategy greatly succeeds in application of Luming group in China.Luming group in China is the large-scale privately operated high tech enterprise group which National Technical department recognized, has the rare earth luminescent material and the product, the semiconductor illumination core, the illumination and the demonstration, the nanometer Functional Materials, the photoelectron industry garden development construction and so on five big service tectonic plates, specially in the persistent effect rare earth self-luminescent material and the high luminance, on the high efficiency semiconductor illumination chip two big tectonic plates the service is prominent.This article first makes a diagnosis to Luming group in China earlier period management and the marketing condition, although discovers Luming group in China Special shape NdFeB magnets earlier period to have compares the person of high skill only then, the technology and the equipment , but management condition throughout not entirely as desired, if equips high does not adapt.Further analyzes found the problem leaves in its marketing strategy. Luming group in China establishes the beginning, its high-level superintendent thought in the marketing activity process, must cause the company the product blooming, creates the good sales achievement, the public relations strategy ingenious application should play the indispensable role.
Thought in the marketing activity, the market competition key is one kind of attention competition.And fully enhances the enterprise using the manufacture news event this public relations method well-knownness, plays the public relation card greatly, the enterprise but although obtained certain economic efficiency not to be long-time, after period of time the enterprise managed the sound of ocean waves as before.Luming group in China high-level superintendents realize the public relations activity disease, decided formulates the marketing strategy, shifts the marketing activity center of gravity to the product advertisement comes up.Thought so long as the heavy bombing advertisement, the sales nature comes up.Therefore this stage marketing activity besides delivery television advertisement, but also full puts in the enterprise advertisement and the product advertisement in the specialized magazine.Because the whole world originates in at that time its production was self-luminescent material product does not have the competitor, relied on merely in the television and the specialized magazine makes the advertisement to obtain the high quota profit.Luming group in China has tasted the advertisement benefit, thought the enterprise had already found the marketing activity not two principles, decided increases the advertisement dynamics unceasingly, obtains the bigger market share by the time.But after passes through a period of time advertisement practice to discover that, the product sales volume anticipated high rate of increment, instead has not presented glides down the tendency.
The this time Luming group in China knew perfectly well the only advertisement the delivery has not been able to bring more benefits for the company, but does not dare under such competition environment to reduce the advertisements the investment, assumes is unable to back down.Later period, Luming group in China high-level superintendents thoroughly have analyzed the market environment and own product nature, thought present market environment complex changeable, the competition is intense, simultaneously the group produces the majority of products all are in the product chain the middle position, The pure use advertisements or the public relations marketing method achieved with difficulty the anticipated goal, decided with one kind of brand-new marketing pattern―the joint effect between advertisements and the public relations, achieved new seeks to make a profit the commanding point.The new marketing strategy appears the merely half year time, only a self-luminescent material sales volume from 80,000,000 flies upwards 130,000,000 Yuan.LED and other each item of product sales volume also assumes the trend of escalation.Meanwhile after the Bell model analysis, after the enterprise implements the advertisement and the public relation linkage, the consumer (customer) the enterprise and the brand cognition situation which involves to the advertisements propaganda in enhances largely, degree of satisfaction index obvious increase.Through above case, we draw the following conclusion: Joint effect between advertisements and public relations suffices to give occupies the product chain middle position enterprise to bring a bigger benefit, makes the enterprise to maintain the more exuberant development potential.Analyzes the marketing strategy of Luming group in China which succeeds http://www.999magnet.com using joint effect between advertisements and the public relations, its reason has following three factors:First, the idea renews, the management level has the profound understanding and the understanding to the conformity marketing theory.The marketing idea takes one kind of management philosophy, the social consciousness, but evolves unceasingly along with the development of social economy and the change of market situation.Luming group in China thought that they must change the marketing idea rapidly, revolves the customer to need,Depends on the enterprise brand, the realization conformity marketing dissemination strategy.And realized succeeds the reason to the conformity marketing theory to lie in: It can divide the valueable customers,analysis the commercial profit,the connection hastens the diversification to the customer and enterprise’s information.As well as obtains and so on to the customers degree of satisfaction and the commercial profit a series of factors to carry on the overall plan consideration. Luming group in China is experiencing in the marketing idea by the public relations marketing idea -> advertisements marketing idea -> joint effect between advertisements and the public relations marketing idea unceasing evolution, has had the brand-new concept to the market.
Joint effect between advertisements and the public relations is precisely in under the conformity marketing theory direction, union enterprise’s own characteristic raises.And through the practice confirmation joint effect between advertisements and the public relations regarding Luming group’s marketing achievement is merely the effective principles.Second, to the group marketing success or failure root full understanding is the important safeguard and the operation foundation.Luming group’s superintendents have repeatedly experienced the success -- defeat--success experiences in the marketing activities, passes through analyzes the summary to discover earnestly: Because the group produces 80% above product all occupy the product chain middle position, but produces the between product enterprise’s marketing activity effect mainly to be decided by collaborator’s quantity and the appraisal orientation, but the collaborator most regards as important is the enterprise in the management vivid aspect dissemination effect.The advertisements or the public relations alone application all with difficulty achieves above goal. Then how the conformity good enterprise resources, did achieve best enterprise image dissemination effect, this is the marketing activity success or failure. Luming group in China proposed the joint effect between advertisements and public relations, has used the http://www.999magnet.com advertisements and the public relations fully can enhance the product brand image and enterprise image this characteristic, through practice, if really got up the effect which got quick results.Third, good communication ability subdues the safeguard.Because Luming group in China produces 80% above product all occupy the product chain middle position, but produces the between product enterprise’s marketing activity effect mainly to be decided by collaborator’s quantity and the appraisal orientation, therefore they must establish and maintain good relations between the enterprise and collaborator’s.Luming group in China through increases collaborator’s way under joint effect between advertisement and public relations instruction to develop the market, and (i.e. collaborator) carries on the service communication through many kinds of ways and the customer.At the same time, Luming group in China also establishes the good relations with others .The dynamic applicatio of communication between advertisements and the public relations, its effect is not simple adding together, but is the coordination effect which promotes mutually, has achieved the perfect communication effect.
Effect of Modification on the Growth Morphology of Mg2Si in Mg-Si Alloy
Effect of Modification on the Growth Morphology of Mg2Si in Mg-Si Alloy
In recent years, saving the energy sources and environment pollutionproblems have received more and more attention and effective method to solvethem is to use light-weight and high-effective materials. Magnesium alloys arekind of the lightest structural metal alloys applied in the industrial at present,which are provided with many excellent and electrical properties, such as lowdensity, high specific strength and stiffness, high heat and electrical conductivity,good damping and shock absorption, excellent electromagnetic shieldingcapability and easy processing. In the 21st century when human being put thecontinual development as the first-line problem, saving the resource and innoxiousproduction have become the trends in the world nowadays. Consequently, theunique properties of magnesium alloys accord with the above requirement by thesquare. Therefore, since the 1980s later, Segment neodymium magnets magnesium alloys have been becomingone of the hotspot in the research field of materials science.Alloying is the method in common use for the application of magnesium now.Compared to others metals, magnesium has especial physical metallurgyproperties, and so it is narrow that to choose the alloying elements for the alloyingof magnesium. Silicon is one of them. Since a maximum solid solubility of Si intoMg is only 0.003 at.% silicon, Si atom can react with Mg atoms and areprecipitated as an intermetallic compound of Mg2Si. Mg2Si is an effectivestrengthening phase and can improve the high temperature properties. It isnecessary to increase the Mg2Si content for receiving better strength effect.Mg-high Si alloy fabricated by conventional metallurgy method contain coarseMg2Si dendritic crystals (100~1000μm);besides, eutectic Mg2Si phase is theChinese script type particles. The Mg-Si alloys showed very low ductility andstrength. In recent years, it was reported that the mechanical properties of Mg–Sialloys could be improved by the application of advanced processing techniques,such as hot extrusion (HE), rapid solidification (RS), directional solidification (DS)and mechanical alloying (MA). The microstructure and properties of Mg-high Sialloys had a obvious improvement. However, the methods above had the shortagesboth restricted fine of grain or complex technique and the increase of theproduction cost. At the present time, it had been fabricated Mg2Si/Al-Si usingmodifiers such as RE, sodium and Sr. Modification method had got attachimportance to application. At present, the study on the modification http://www.999magnet.com of Mg-Sisystem focus on die-casting Mg alloy contain low Si content (commonly<1wt.%),and modified object was main eutectics Mg2Si phase. It is seldom for the study onMg-high Si alloy. So based on the modified characteristic of Mg-Si alloy,combined with existing modified processing on Al-Si and Mg-Si alloy, theexploiture and development of new modification method applied to Mg-Si alloy iscritical for its large-scale applications in industry.Based on the above standpoint and statement, modification and rapidsolidification routes is selected for the modification of Mg-Si alloy, i.e. primaryand eutectic Mg2Si phases were modified by the RE(Sm2O3、Nd2O3、Y2O3、La2O3)and KBF4, and rapid solidification such as spray casting. On the basis of thesework, effect of modification on the primary and eutectic Mg2Si phases(morphology, amount, size and distribution) in the Mg-high Si alloy have beeninvestigated detailedly.
The major research efforts of the present study are asfollows:(1) It was found by the modification on Mg-high Si alloy using RE2O3 thatthe modification effect changed as sub modified, modified and overmodified as increasing the RE2O3 content from 0.05% to 0.4%.(a) For four kind of RE2O3, Y2O3 was the best modifier on primaryMg2Si in the Mg-high Si alloy. When the Y2O3 content is 0.2wt.%,primary Mg2Si changed from dendrite(>100μm) to polyhedral shape(15μm) and distributed uniformly in the alloy. Besides, Chinese scripttype eutectic Mg2Si ruptured and changed to point shape.(b) For four kind of RE2O3, Sm2O3 was the best modifier on eutecticsMg2Si in the Mg-high Si alloy. When the Sm2O3 content is 0.2wt.%,most of eutectics Mg2Si changed to point and the size of primaryMg2Si decreased from >100μm to 20-30μm.(c) It was found that much white acicular phase was present in theMg-high Si alloy modified by RE2O3 and increased with theincreased of RE2O3. As the present of silicon in the melt, Mg, Si andRE were likely to reaction and replace RE from RE2O3.(2) After the composite modification using Y2O3+KBF4 and La2O3+KBF4,the size of primary Mg2Si changed to ~10μm and its morphology waspolyhedron;Most of eutectic Mg2Si changed to point shape and somewere fiber shape.(3) Y2O3 had excellent effect on Mg-high http://www.999magnet.com Si alloy as the Si content changedfrom 3% to 9%. For the modification effect on Mg2Si phase, the relationof Y2O3 and Si content was not linear. Y2O3 is effective on the Mg-Al-Sisystem for modification. After Y2O3 addition in the AZ91D-5% Si alloy,the size of primary Mg2Si changed from more than 100μm to 20μm.(4) Solidification rate had great influence on the growth morphology ofMg2Si phase. High solidification rate could restrain the anisotropicgrowth. If solidification rate increased, the size of primary Mg2Si woulddecrease. Besides, the morphology of primary Mg2Si was octahedron.Successful improvement of the microstructure of Mg-high Si alloy play alarge role on the advanced of high temperature properties of Mg alloy. It isexpected that the present research acts as the guidance and promotion.
In recent years, saving the energy sources and environment pollutionproblems have received more and more attention and effective method to solvethem is to use light-weight and high-effective materials. Magnesium alloys arekind of the lightest structural metal alloys applied in the industrial at present,which are provided with many excellent and electrical properties, such as lowdensity, high specific strength and stiffness, high heat and electrical conductivity,good damping and shock absorption, excellent electromagnetic shieldingcapability and easy processing. In the 21st century when human being put thecontinual development as the first-line problem, saving the resource and innoxiousproduction have become the trends in the world nowadays. Consequently, theunique properties of magnesium alloys accord with the above requirement by thesquare. Therefore, since the 1980s later, Segment neodymium magnets magnesium alloys have been becomingone of the hotspot in the research field of materials science.Alloying is the method in common use for the application of magnesium now.Compared to others metals, magnesium has especial physical metallurgyproperties, and so it is narrow that to choose the alloying elements for the alloyingof magnesium. Silicon is one of them. Since a maximum solid solubility of Si intoMg is only 0.003 at.% silicon, Si atom can react with Mg atoms and areprecipitated as an intermetallic compound of Mg2Si. Mg2Si is an effectivestrengthening phase and can improve the high temperature properties. It isnecessary to increase the Mg2Si content for receiving better strength effect.Mg-high Si alloy fabricated by conventional metallurgy method contain coarseMg2Si dendritic crystals (100~1000μm);besides, eutectic Mg2Si phase is theChinese script type particles. The Mg-Si alloys showed very low ductility andstrength. In recent years, it was reported that the mechanical properties of Mg–Sialloys could be improved by the application of advanced processing techniques,such as hot extrusion (HE), rapid solidification (RS), directional solidification (DS)and mechanical alloying (MA). The microstructure and properties of Mg-high Sialloys had a obvious improvement. However, the methods above had the shortagesboth restricted fine of grain or complex technique and the increase of theproduction cost. At the present time, it had been fabricated Mg2Si/Al-Si usingmodifiers such as RE, sodium and Sr. Modification method had got attachimportance to application. At present, the study on the modification http://www.999magnet.com of Mg-Sisystem focus on die-casting Mg alloy contain low Si content (commonly<1wt.%),and modified object was main eutectics Mg2Si phase. It is seldom for the study onMg-high Si alloy. So based on the modified characteristic of Mg-Si alloy,combined with existing modified processing on Al-Si and Mg-Si alloy, theexploiture and development of new modification method applied to Mg-Si alloy iscritical for its large-scale applications in industry.Based on the above standpoint and statement, modification and rapidsolidification routes is selected for the modification of Mg-Si alloy, i.e. primaryand eutectic Mg2Si phases were modified by the RE(Sm2O3、Nd2O3、Y2O3、La2O3)and KBF4, and rapid solidification such as spray casting. On the basis of thesework, effect of modification on the primary and eutectic Mg2Si phases(morphology, amount, size and distribution) in the Mg-high Si alloy have beeninvestigated detailedly.
The major research efforts of the present study are asfollows:(1) It was found by the modification on Mg-high Si alloy using RE2O3 thatthe modification effect changed as sub modified, modified and overmodified as increasing the RE2O3 content from 0.05% to 0.4%.(a) For four kind of RE2O3, Y2O3 was the best modifier on primaryMg2Si in the Mg-high Si alloy. When the Y2O3 content is 0.2wt.%,primary Mg2Si changed from dendrite(>100μm) to polyhedral shape(15μm) and distributed uniformly in the alloy. Besides, Chinese scripttype eutectic Mg2Si ruptured and changed to point shape.(b) For four kind of RE2O3, Sm2O3 was the best modifier on eutecticsMg2Si in the Mg-high Si alloy. When the Sm2O3 content is 0.2wt.%,most of eutectics Mg2Si changed to point and the size of primaryMg2Si decreased from >100μm to 20-30μm.(c) It was found that much white acicular phase was present in theMg-high Si alloy modified by RE2O3 and increased with theincreased of RE2O3. As the present of silicon in the melt, Mg, Si andRE were likely to reaction and replace RE from RE2O3.(2) After the composite modification using Y2O3+KBF4 and La2O3+KBF4,the size of primary Mg2Si changed to ~10μm and its morphology waspolyhedron;Most of eutectic Mg2Si changed to point shape and somewere fiber shape.(3) Y2O3 had excellent effect on Mg-high http://www.999magnet.com Si alloy as the Si content changedfrom 3% to 9%. For the modification effect on Mg2Si phase, the relationof Y2O3 and Si content was not linear. Y2O3 is effective on the Mg-Al-Sisystem for modification. After Y2O3 addition in the AZ91D-5% Si alloy,the size of primary Mg2Si changed from more than 100μm to 20μm.(4) Solidification rate had great influence on the growth morphology ofMg2Si phase. High solidification rate could restrain the anisotropicgrowth. If solidification rate increased, the size of primary Mg2Si woulddecrease. Besides, the morphology of primary Mg2Si was octahedron.Successful improvement of the microstructure of Mg-high Si alloy play alarge role on the advanced of high temperature properties of Mg alloy. It isexpected that the present research acts as the guidance and promotion.
Tunable Fiber Laser Bassed on Fabry-Perot Filter
Tunable Fiber Laser Bassed on Fabry-Perot Filter
Optoelectronic components are the key techniques for next generation of AllOptical Net (AON). In the recent years, with the development of the techniques ofAON, its core devices have been improved, so the optical fiber communicationbecame stable and flexible increasingly. However some of the key opticalcomponents are not well developed, which limits the future improvement ofOptical Net. With the demand of big capacity and high speed of optical fibrecommunication, the dynamic tunable optical source on a certain optical frequencyband is needed. Therefore tunable broadband optical fiber laser have become theresearch focus and frontier in laser techniques. The dynamic tunable wavelength laser can provide optical source formulti-channels at the same time, which makes the design of the emission terminalmore compact and economical. It can save backup quantity and specification Alnico magnets ofoptical source, and be easy to standardize the communication system, so therunning and maintenance cost of the systems can be reduced greatly. The tunablelaser can be used as not only optical source of DWDM system, but also PSE andLambda Router etc. It has great potential for optical communication and in thefuture the current fixed wavelength laser will be replaced by it. The tunable fiberlaser can also provide good optical source for all kinds of sensor systems andmodern spectrum techniques. Nowadays most of the lasers for communication are semiconductor lasers,which cost much and hard to couple into transfer fiber for the same size, so as tolimit further development of optical fiber communication. Semiconductor laser diode (LD) has several ways of tuning, such as electronictuning, thermal tuning and mechanical tuning etc. It can be divided into outer andinner cavity multi-electrode. However all kinds of tuning methods exist someweakness, which cannot be eliminated, such as wavelength stability reducing bythermal effect, which causes mode pulling etc. With the increasing of number ofthe channel, the semiconductor laser has to be increased. It will cost more, be hardto control wavelength and reach the requirement of the WDM wavelength standardintroduced by ITU – T. What’s more it also causes problem of reliability.The optical fiber laser is better than the semiconductor laser in the followingaspects:1. The cheaper diode laser pumping the doped fiber is used, which can reduce thecost of the system;2. Fiber laser is easy to couple into transfer fiber for the same size;3. Fiber laser can be more cooler for the high area-cubage ratio;4. The wide band wavelength (380 – 3900nm) output can be obtained, which isvery important for DWDM system;5. Fiber laser and fiber amplifier is compatible with current fiber components, http://www.999magnet.com soit is possible to setup all optical transfer system.The gain broad band is the highlight of all advantages of the fiber laser. Due toits advantages of less coupling loss, all compatibility with optical fiber, lowpolarization relativity, high stability and low cost, the tunable Er-doped fiber laseris of significant practical value in the fields of wavelength division multiplexer(WDM) and time division multiplexer (TDM) optical fiber communication network,optical fiber sensor system and modern spectrum techniques.
The ways to achieve variable wavelength output are as follows: rotatablegrating as end mirror, standard filter with adjustable angle, liquid crystal standardfilter, acousto-optic filter, F-P filter, M-Z interference filter and multiplex annularresonant cavity etc.The tunable optical fiber laser based on F-P filter is designed and developed. Ituses fiber Fabry-Perot filter as the device for wavelength tuning. The test carriedout through software simulation and optimization of related components so as toshorten the test cycle and reduce the cost. During the test it used Erbium-dopedfiber as gain medium and F-P filter as tuning component. It is ring cavity and uses1480nm laser diode as pump source. Through selecting reasonable parameter, itoptimizes the configuration of laser resonant cavity, reduces threshold value ofpump source of laser and improves slope efficiency and output power. The workingwavelength of laser is 1550nm, linewidth is less than 0.2nm in 3dB and 0.4nm in25dB, edge-mode suppression ratio is more than 50dB. After 1 hr testing, thewavelength doesn’t wave, and its stability is better than 0.01nm. The laser outputduring the whole tuning process is no chirped. The continuous tuning range is1525nm – 1560.3nm (35.3nm), the spectrum band width keeps the same while thewavelength changing. The peak values of laser wavelength are flat. When thewavelength is shorter than 1530nm, ASE noise increases, however thesignal-to-noise ratio is still higher than 57dB. The reason of above is because theEr-doped laser has a higher absorption peak at the point of 1530nm. Due to theselection of erbium fiber laser of optimal length, and two isolators to reduce thenoise in the fiber loop, which increases the signal-to-noise ratio, the maximumoutput power is 80.72mW, stability of power is better than ±0.02dB and slopeefficiency of laser is 42.83%.This laser is with the advantages of high power, low threshold value, narrowline width and good stability of performance. The center wavelength can be choice,wideband tuning, high wavelength resolution, high stability, small size andreasonable performance to price ratio.
Optoelectronic components are the key techniques for next generation of AllOptical Net (AON). In the recent years, with the development of the techniques ofAON, its core devices have been improved, so the optical fiber communicationbecame stable and flexible increasingly. However some of the key opticalcomponents are not well developed, which limits the future improvement ofOptical Net. With the demand of big capacity and high speed of optical fibrecommunication, the dynamic tunable optical source on a certain optical frequencyband is needed. Therefore tunable broadband optical fiber laser have become theresearch focus and frontier in laser techniques. The dynamic tunable wavelength laser can provide optical source formulti-channels at the same time, which makes the design of the emission terminalmore compact and economical. It can save backup quantity and specification Alnico magnets ofoptical source, and be easy to standardize the communication system, so therunning and maintenance cost of the systems can be reduced greatly. The tunablelaser can be used as not only optical source of DWDM system, but also PSE andLambda Router etc. It has great potential for optical communication and in thefuture the current fixed wavelength laser will be replaced by it. The tunable fiberlaser can also provide good optical source for all kinds of sensor systems andmodern spectrum techniques. Nowadays most of the lasers for communication are semiconductor lasers,which cost much and hard to couple into transfer fiber for the same size, so as tolimit further development of optical fiber communication. Semiconductor laser diode (LD) has several ways of tuning, such as electronictuning, thermal tuning and mechanical tuning etc. It can be divided into outer andinner cavity multi-electrode. However all kinds of tuning methods exist someweakness, which cannot be eliminated, such as wavelength stability reducing bythermal effect, which causes mode pulling etc. With the increasing of number ofthe channel, the semiconductor laser has to be increased. It will cost more, be hardto control wavelength and reach the requirement of the WDM wavelength standardintroduced by ITU – T. What’s more it also causes problem of reliability.The optical fiber laser is better than the semiconductor laser in the followingaspects:1. The cheaper diode laser pumping the doped fiber is used, which can reduce thecost of the system;2. Fiber laser is easy to couple into transfer fiber for the same size;3. Fiber laser can be more cooler for the high area-cubage ratio;4. The wide band wavelength (380 – 3900nm) output can be obtained, which isvery important for DWDM system;5. Fiber laser and fiber amplifier is compatible with current fiber components, http://www.999magnet.com soit is possible to setup all optical transfer system.The gain broad band is the highlight of all advantages of the fiber laser. Due toits advantages of less coupling loss, all compatibility with optical fiber, lowpolarization relativity, high stability and low cost, the tunable Er-doped fiber laseris of significant practical value in the fields of wavelength division multiplexer(WDM) and time division multiplexer (TDM) optical fiber communication network,optical fiber sensor system and modern spectrum techniques.
The ways to achieve variable wavelength output are as follows: rotatablegrating as end mirror, standard filter with adjustable angle, liquid crystal standardfilter, acousto-optic filter, F-P filter, M-Z interference filter and multiplex annularresonant cavity etc.The tunable optical fiber laser based on F-P filter is designed and developed. Ituses fiber Fabry-Perot filter as the device for wavelength tuning. The test carriedout through software simulation and optimization of related components so as toshorten the test cycle and reduce the cost. During the test it used Erbium-dopedfiber as gain medium and F-P filter as tuning component. It is ring cavity and uses1480nm laser diode as pump source. Through selecting reasonable parameter, itoptimizes the configuration of laser resonant cavity, reduces threshold value ofpump source of laser and improves slope efficiency and output power. The workingwavelength of laser is 1550nm, linewidth is less than 0.2nm in 3dB and 0.4nm in25dB, edge-mode suppression ratio is more than 50dB. After 1 hr testing, thewavelength doesn’t wave, and its stability is better than 0.01nm. The laser outputduring the whole tuning process is no chirped. The continuous tuning range is1525nm – 1560.3nm (35.3nm), the spectrum band width keeps the same while thewavelength changing. The peak values of laser wavelength are flat. When thewavelength is shorter than 1530nm, ASE noise increases, however thesignal-to-noise ratio is still higher than 57dB. The reason of above is because theEr-doped laser has a higher absorption peak at the point of 1530nm. Due to theselection of erbium fiber laser of optimal length, and two isolators to reduce thenoise in the fiber loop, which increases the signal-to-noise ratio, the maximumoutput power is 80.72mW, stability of power is better than ±0.02dB and slopeefficiency of laser is 42.83%.This laser is with the advantages of high power, low threshold value, narrowline width and good stability of performance. The center wavelength can be choice,wideband tuning, high wavelength resolution, high stability, small size andreasonable performance to price ratio.
2012年9月20日星期四
Synthesis and Studies on Properties of Hydrazone Schiff-base Containing Pyridine Rings and Its Transition Metal Complexes
Synthesis and Studies on Properties of Hydrazone Schiff-base Containing Pyridine Rings and Its Transition Metal Complexes
In the past half a century, Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic acyldrazones compounds as special schiff base, have strong coordination ability, good biological activities, superconduct functional materials and other excellent properties, make them and their complexes have been received a great deal of attention.Based on this point, two kinds of mono- and diacyldrazones containing pyridine rings have been prepared in this paper, all of their metal complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, UV-vis, IR, molar conductivity and X-ray single crystal diffraction. The ligands were also identified by 1H-NMR and MS additionally. The full-optimized molecular geometries of the Neodymium Magnets two Diacyldrazones were calculated atB3LYP/6-31G level with Gaussian 03W program. The main research in this paper included:1. Two monoacyldrazones were synthesized with 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde as material. They were 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde-salicyloylhydrazone (H2L1), 2-pyridine-carboxaldehyde-p-hydroxybenzohydrazone (H2L2).
Ten complexes containing these ligands of Cd (II)、Cu (II)、Mn (II)、Ni (II)、Zn (II) were prepared and two single crystals of complexes([Cd(L1)2]2.Py and [Ni(L1)2]2·CH3OH) were obtained in mixed solvent of Pyridine/DMF and methanol/DMF (Py = pyridine, DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide), respectively. Two single crystals were obtained accidentally during the experiment.2. Two diacyldrazones were synthesized with pyridine-2,6-dicarbohydrazide as mediate. They were 2,2’-Bis(3,5-dibromosalicylahyde)pyridine-2,6-dicarbohydrazide (H4L3) and 2,2’-Bis(2-nitrobenzylidene)pyridine-2,6-dicarbohydrazide(H2L4). Ten complexes containing http://www.999magnet.com these ligands were prepared. An unexpected single crystal of rare-earth metal complex (comp-Eu) was obtained in mixed solvent of water/DMF by solvothermal synthesis. Three single crystals of two ligands and one mediate were obtained by solvent diffusion method. According to literatures, we also discussed the various coordinational modes of the diacyldrazones and speculated the configuration of their complexes.Property measurement: Epoxidation of styrene catalyzed by their manganese complexes of the two ligands(H2L1 and H4L3)as model compounds of oxygenase has been studied, the former showed better catalytic activities; The electrochemical activities of nickel were studied respectively in the solvent of methanol and DMF, the electrochemical stability of complexes were better in the solvent of DMF; H2L1, H4L3 and their cadmium complexes revealed obvious fluorescence activities, the activities of H4L3 and its cadmium complexes were better because of their bigger system.
In the past half a century, Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic acyldrazones compounds as special schiff base, have strong coordination ability, good biological activities, superconduct functional materials and other excellent properties, make them and their complexes have been received a great deal of attention.Based on this point, two kinds of mono- and diacyldrazones containing pyridine rings have been prepared in this paper, all of their metal complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, UV-vis, IR, molar conductivity and X-ray single crystal diffraction. The ligands were also identified by 1H-NMR and MS additionally. The full-optimized molecular geometries of the Neodymium Magnets two Diacyldrazones were calculated atB3LYP/6-31G level with Gaussian 03W program. The main research in this paper included:1. Two monoacyldrazones were synthesized with 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde as material. They were 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde-salicyloylhydrazone (H2L1), 2-pyridine-carboxaldehyde-p-hydroxybenzohydrazone (H2L2).
Ten complexes containing these ligands of Cd (II)、Cu (II)、Mn (II)、Ni (II)、Zn (II) were prepared and two single crystals of complexes([Cd(L1)2]2.Py and [Ni(L1)2]2·CH3OH) were obtained in mixed solvent of Pyridine/DMF and methanol/DMF (Py = pyridine, DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide), respectively. Two single crystals were obtained accidentally during the experiment.2. Two diacyldrazones were synthesized with pyridine-2,6-dicarbohydrazide as mediate. They were 2,2’-Bis(3,5-dibromosalicylahyde)pyridine-2,6-dicarbohydrazide (H4L3) and 2,2’-Bis(2-nitrobenzylidene)pyridine-2,6-dicarbohydrazide(H2L4). Ten complexes containing http://www.999magnet.com these ligands were prepared. An unexpected single crystal of rare-earth metal complex (comp-Eu) was obtained in mixed solvent of water/DMF by solvothermal synthesis. Three single crystals of two ligands and one mediate were obtained by solvent diffusion method. According to literatures, we also discussed the various coordinational modes of the diacyldrazones and speculated the configuration of their complexes.Property measurement: Epoxidation of styrene catalyzed by their manganese complexes of the two ligands(H2L1 and H4L3)as model compounds of oxygenase has been studied, the former showed better catalytic activities; The electrochemical activities of nickel were studied respectively in the solvent of methanol and DMF, the electrochemical stability of complexes were better in the solvent of DMF; H2L1, H4L3 and their cadmium complexes revealed obvious fluorescence activities, the activities of H4L3 and its cadmium complexes were better because of their bigger system.
2012年9月17日星期一
Study of Low Power Consumption CO Gas Sensor and High Selectivity C2H2 Gas Sensor
Study of Low Power Consumption CO Gas Sensor and High Selectivity C2H2 Gas Sensor
It has been made a great progress in gas sensors, just like other sensors,especially in new materials, new structures. Nowadays, it takes our focus onlowering power consumption, improving consistency and so on, in additionimproving the sensitivity and the selectivity. Therefore a breakthrough willbe needed in the original gas sensor structure, materials and productionprocesses, and gas sensors in new material will be necessary. It would besignificant to the integration intelligentification of gas sensors, as well asimprovementofselectivityandreliabilityonit.We design a Planar Si micro-structure to simulate and optimize thethermal field with finite element analysis, which could hold well-distributedhigh temperature on the center zone and lower on edge. SnO2 have beenproperly neodymium magnets doped, the sensitive material will be painted on the Planar Simicro-structuretomanufactureintoCOgassensorinmicrostructurewiththemethod of combining with MEMS and the thick film technology of gassensors. The sensitivityof 50 ppm CO gas heated with electric current on 35mAis 8.6 (R0/Rg), the response time is about 5 s,
the recovery time is about22 s, the voltage is 2.34 V, the power consumption is 82 mW. Compare thepower consumption of the new gas sensor with sintered type CO gas sensormade in same material whose power consumption is 163 mW, we can tellthat the power consumption of gas sensor in new microstructure based onMEMS technology is half of the previous sintered type CO gas sensor.Planar micro-structure has benefit of localized heating the sensitive materialin center zone in the use of process, therefore, It greatly reduced the heat power consumption. but the setting value of the thickness of Si substrate wedesigned is rather higher, thus the temperature difference of the wholemicrostructure heat board is not big. In order to focus heat, we’ll reduce it’sthickness in further study, therefore, the power consumption of the new typesensorwillbelowerandtheusingcostwillbereduced.In the second part, the main task is improving the sensitivity of the gassensor by the study of sensitivity material. Made gas sensor in sintered typeby doping additive (Sm2O3) into the uniform sensitivity material made bychemical coprecipitation technology whose particle http://www.chinamagnets.biz diameter is about 20-30nm. It has been proved this element has favorable sensitive characteristic toC2H2 gas in experiment. The sensitivity of the particle is 64, the responsetime is 3 s, the recovery time is 17 s, when heat temperature is 180℃andthe concentration of C2H2 is 1000 ppm. It shows high selectivity in theatmosphere of CH4, H2, CO, NO2 and NO. The selectivity of material SnO2to C2H2 was improved by mixing Sm3+ (Rare earth element) from theanalysis of sensitive mechanism. The chemical property of C2H2 is active,because H atom in it easily takes decollement, its C-3 has greatelectronegativity, the polarization of C-H would be increased when a redoxreaction took place. there is a redox reaction would take place betweenSm2O3 with C2H2 when Sm2O3 had been mixed. Plenty of electron wouldbe released when Sm3+ reducing to Sm2+; and then, more H atom released inoxidation-reduction reaction, the reaction between H atom with O atomabsorbedtoSnO2wouldtakeplaceandreleaseelectronegativity.Theparticleshows good sensitivity by the resistance of SnO2 would greatly reducedbecauseofadditionofelectronegativityreleasedinthereaction.
It has been made a great progress in gas sensors, just like other sensors,especially in new materials, new structures. Nowadays, it takes our focus onlowering power consumption, improving consistency and so on, in additionimproving the sensitivity and the selectivity. Therefore a breakthrough willbe needed in the original gas sensor structure, materials and productionprocesses, and gas sensors in new material will be necessary. It would besignificant to the integration intelligentification of gas sensors, as well asimprovementofselectivityandreliabilityonit.We design a Planar Si micro-structure to simulate and optimize thethermal field with finite element analysis, which could hold well-distributedhigh temperature on the center zone and lower on edge. SnO2 have beenproperly neodymium magnets doped, the sensitive material will be painted on the Planar Simicro-structuretomanufactureintoCOgassensorinmicrostructurewiththemethod of combining with MEMS and the thick film technology of gassensors. The sensitivityof 50 ppm CO gas heated with electric current on 35mAis 8.6 (R0/Rg), the response time is about 5 s,
the recovery time is about22 s, the voltage is 2.34 V, the power consumption is 82 mW. Compare thepower consumption of the new gas sensor with sintered type CO gas sensormade in same material whose power consumption is 163 mW, we can tellthat the power consumption of gas sensor in new microstructure based onMEMS technology is half of the previous sintered type CO gas sensor.Planar micro-structure has benefit of localized heating the sensitive materialin center zone in the use of process, therefore, It greatly reduced the heat power consumption. but the setting value of the thickness of Si substrate wedesigned is rather higher, thus the temperature difference of the wholemicrostructure heat board is not big. In order to focus heat, we’ll reduce it’sthickness in further study, therefore, the power consumption of the new typesensorwillbelowerandtheusingcostwillbereduced.In the second part, the main task is improving the sensitivity of the gassensor by the study of sensitivity material. Made gas sensor in sintered typeby doping additive (Sm2O3) into the uniform sensitivity material made bychemical coprecipitation technology whose particle http://www.chinamagnets.biz diameter is about 20-30nm. It has been proved this element has favorable sensitive characteristic toC2H2 gas in experiment. The sensitivity of the particle is 64, the responsetime is 3 s, the recovery time is 17 s, when heat temperature is 180℃andthe concentration of C2H2 is 1000 ppm. It shows high selectivity in theatmosphere of CH4, H2, CO, NO2 and NO. The selectivity of material SnO2to C2H2 was improved by mixing Sm3+ (Rare earth element) from theanalysis of sensitive mechanism. The chemical property of C2H2 is active,because H atom in it easily takes decollement, its C-3 has greatelectronegativity, the polarization of C-H would be increased when a redoxreaction took place. there is a redox reaction would take place betweenSm2O3 with C2H2 when Sm2O3 had been mixed. Plenty of electron wouldbe released when Sm3+ reducing to Sm2+; and then, more H atom released inoxidation-reduction reaction, the reaction between H atom with O atomabsorbedtoSnO2wouldtakeplaceandreleaseelectronegativity.Theparticleshows good sensitivity by the resistance of SnO2 would greatly reducedbecauseofadditionofelectronegativityreleasedinthereaction.
Effects of Static Magnetic Field on Cytosolic Free Calcium of Rat Maxillofacial Skeletal Muscle Cells in Vitro
Effects of Static Magnetic Field on Cytosolic Free Calcium of Rat Maxillofacial Skeletal Muscle Cells in Vitro
Objectives:To establish the model of culture SD rat maxillofacial skeletal muscle cells in vitro,and observe the biological effect of static magnetic field(SMF)by the NdFeB rare earth magnets used in orthodontics on cytosolic free calcium and calcium ion channel of rat maxillofacial skeletal muscle cells,discussing and approaching the likelihood mechanism of neodymium magnets magnetic field biology effect.Methods:The maxillofacial skeletal muscle cells of neonatal 2～3 day age SD rat were isolated and cultured in vitro,and the cultured maxillofacial skeletal muscle cells of the third generation were treated with SMF for 1d,2d,3d,4d,5d.Observe and record the growth state of cutured cells under the inversion phase microscope;with colorimetry mensuration ATP enzyme activity;Fluo-3 loaded with maxillofacial skeletal muscle cells,and measure cytosolic free calcium separately by flow cytometry and laser confocal scanning microscope.Result:After the exposure of SMF,the cells grew well in the magnetic field and the biological compatible was well. Intracellular calcium ion http://www.chinamagnets.biz concentration of cultured cells increased slightly compared with the control group,but with no significant statistical difference in the control group.The activity of intracellular Ca2+-ATPase was enhanced after 3-day exposure in SMF.Conclusion:No pathological damage is found in the maxillofacial skeletal muscle cells exposed in orthodontic magnets.The cutured cells grow well in the magnetic field,and the magnetic field can promote the activity of intracellular Ca2+-ATPase,and regulate cutured cells’ proliferation.
Objectives:To establish the model of culture SD rat maxillofacial skeletal muscle cells in vitro,and observe the biological effect of static magnetic field(SMF)by the NdFeB rare earth magnets used in orthodontics on cytosolic free calcium and calcium ion channel of rat maxillofacial skeletal muscle cells,discussing and approaching the likelihood mechanism of neodymium magnets magnetic field biology effect.Methods:The maxillofacial skeletal muscle cells of neonatal 2～3 day age SD rat were isolated and cultured in vitro,and the cultured maxillofacial skeletal muscle cells of the third generation were treated with SMF for 1d,2d,3d,4d,5d.Observe and record the growth state of cutured cells under the inversion phase microscope;with colorimetry mensuration ATP enzyme activity;Fluo-3 loaded with maxillofacial skeletal muscle cells,and measure cytosolic free calcium separately by flow cytometry and laser confocal scanning microscope.Result:After the exposure of SMF,the cells grew well in the magnetic field and the biological compatible was well. Intracellular calcium ion http://www.chinamagnets.biz concentration of cultured cells increased slightly compared with the control group,but with no significant statistical difference in the control group.The activity of intracellular Ca2+-ATPase was enhanced after 3-day exposure in SMF.Conclusion:No pathological damage is found in the maxillofacial skeletal muscle cells exposed in orthodontic magnets.The cutured cells grow well in the magnetic field,and the magnetic field can promote the activity of intracellular Ca2+-ATPase,and regulate cutured cells’ proliferation.
Synthesis, Structure and Properties of Metal-Organic Coordination Polymers Constructed by Carboxylate
Synthesis, Structure and Properties of Metal-Organic Coordination Polymers Constructed by Carboxylate
Metal-organic coordination polymers (MOCPs) as novel multifunctional materials, have attracted much more attentions because of their flexible tailoring, various topologies and promising application in hydrogen storage, adsorption, ion-exchange, molecular recognization, catalysts along with optics, electrics, magnetism and enantioselective separation. These open MOCPs possess not only porous phase similar to inorganic zeolites but also better performance in gas sorption and Ball Neodymium Magnets storage than traditional zeolites.
The aim of this thesis is to utilize the principles of crystal engineer to design and synthesize the metal-organic coordination polymers constructed from metal ions and multi-carboxylate ligands in order to find the new synthetic pathways of clustered metal-organic coordination polymer and explore their structural characters and their physical properties.The first chapter is a very brief introduction of MOCPs. The assembly reactions of rigid H4btec with metal ions such as Cd and Mg have yielded three coordination polymers in the second chapter.We have reported the high yield synthesis of a rare Mg-based metal-organic open framework [Mg1.5(μ5-btec) (H2O)2]·[H2N(CH3)2]·H2O (1). The H4btec ligand shows a novel and unprecedented coordination mode. We have also http://www.chinamagnets.biz reported Zn-based coordination polymers , [Zn(btec)1/2]n (2) and [Zn(H2btec)(4,4’-bipy)(H2O)2·(4,4’-bipy)] (3). Compound 2 shows rare non-interpenetrated (4,8)-connected net with toplogy of (45·8)2(410·52·613·72·8). Compound 3 is the first square grid coordination polymer constructed by btec and4,4’-bipy ligands with dimensions of 11.519×11.290A2.In the third chapter, two cadmiun coordination polymers Cd(AmTAZ)Cl(4) [Cd(AmTAZ)(BDC)(H2O)2]·1.25H2O(5) (AmTAZH=3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, H2BDC=benzene-1, 4-dicarboxylic acid) have been synthesized under hydrothermal in Stiu conditions and characterized by IR, TG-DTA, CHN elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. In the fifth chapter, we have successfully constructed a novel MOF based on Lead and an imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid (H3IDC) under solvothermal conditions. The H3IDC ligand shows a novel and unprecedented coordination mode. The 2-D (3,3)-net architecture with a rare (4·82) topology is built from alternately arranged left- and right-handed helical chains bridged by HIDC2- ligands.
Metal-organic coordination polymers (MOCPs) as novel multifunctional materials, have attracted much more attentions because of their flexible tailoring, various topologies and promising application in hydrogen storage, adsorption, ion-exchange, molecular recognization, catalysts along with optics, electrics, magnetism and enantioselective separation. These open MOCPs possess not only porous phase similar to inorganic zeolites but also better performance in gas sorption and Ball Neodymium Magnets storage than traditional zeolites.
The aim of this thesis is to utilize the principles of crystal engineer to design and synthesize the metal-organic coordination polymers constructed from metal ions and multi-carboxylate ligands in order to find the new synthetic pathways of clustered metal-organic coordination polymer and explore their structural characters and their physical properties.The first chapter is a very brief introduction of MOCPs. The assembly reactions of rigid H4btec with metal ions such as Cd and Mg have yielded three coordination polymers in the second chapter.We have reported the high yield synthesis of a rare Mg-based metal-organic open framework [Mg1.5(μ5-btec) (H2O)2]·[H2N(CH3)2]·H2O (1). The H4btec ligand shows a novel and unprecedented coordination mode. We have also http://www.chinamagnets.biz reported Zn-based coordination polymers , [Zn(btec)1/2]n (2) and [Zn(H2btec)(4,4’-bipy)(H2O)2·(4,4’-bipy)] (3). Compound 2 shows rare non-interpenetrated (4,8)-connected net with toplogy of (45·8)2(410·52·613·72·8). Compound 3 is the first square grid coordination polymer constructed by btec and4,4’-bipy ligands with dimensions of 11.519×11.290A2.In the third chapter, two cadmiun coordination polymers Cd(AmTAZ)Cl(4) [Cd(AmTAZ)(BDC)(H2O)2]·1.25H2O(5) (AmTAZH=3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, H2BDC=benzene-1, 4-dicarboxylic acid) have been synthesized under hydrothermal in Stiu conditions and characterized by IR, TG-DTA, CHN elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. In the fifth chapter, we have successfully constructed a novel MOF based on Lead and an imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid (H3IDC) under solvothermal conditions. The H3IDC ligand shows a novel and unprecedented coordination mode. The 2-D (3,3)-net architecture with a rare (4·82) topology is built from alternately arranged left- and right-handed helical chains bridged by HIDC2- ligands.
2012年9月12日星期三
The Effect of Sulfide on the Microstructure of Non-Quenched and Tempered Medium Carbon Steel
The Effect of Sulfide on the Microstructure of Non-Quenched and Tempered Medium Carbon Steel
Non-quenched and tempered microalloyed steels have been used more and more widely due to their advantages of more energy saving, shorter production period and lower cost in comparison with quenched and tempered steels. This work is done as one part of the“10.5”National Science and Technology Program“Research and Development of High Performance
Alnico magnets Non-quenched and Tempered Steels”, focusing on controlling of the morphology and size of sulfides and its effect on microstructure and mechanical properties.The effect of sulfides on microstructure refining has been studied for a medium carbon high sulfide steel in industrial production route of 30t EAF(Electric Arc Furnace) + LFV(Ladle Furnace Vacuum) + MC(Mould Casting) + CR(Continuous Rolling).
Results show that sulfides can be refined and disperse evenly after continuous multi-pass rolling, with the average width of sulfides being 4.91μm, the average length being 14.27μm, the average aspect ratio being 3.03, and the average area being 44.72μm2. The sulfides can refine the microstructure due to their pinning effect, and the reefing effect shows Zener relation.De-oxidation process and sulfide modification process have been studied in a 10 kg non-vacuum melting furnace for a non-quenched and tempered microalloyed steel 38MnVS6, which is used as crankshaft of cars. Results show that Al de-oxidation and Si-Ca-RE treatment can result in fine and dispersedly http://www.999magnet.com distributed oxide and sulfide inclusions. Sulfides with oxides inside can act as the nucleation site for intra-ferrite and ferrite can form in the Mn-poor region around MnS, which can also play a role in refining ferrite. Simulated studies on controlled forging and controlled cooling have been carried out for the 38MnVS6 steel produced in the route of 30t EAF + LFV + MC. Results show that vanadium and titanium cabonitrides formed on sulfides during cooling after forging can act as nucleation site of intra-granular ferrite, resulting in an increase in the amount and a decrease in the average size of ferrites. The Mn-poor region formed in the vicinity of MnS during reheating can further increase the amount and decrease the average size of ferrites. On the effect of microstructure refinement by pinning austenite grain boundary and formating intra-grain ferrite, the 38MnVS6 steel has a good impact flexibility at high and low temperature.
Non-quenched and tempered microalloyed steels have been used more and more widely due to their advantages of more energy saving, shorter production period and lower cost in comparison with quenched and tempered steels. This work is done as one part of the“10.5”National Science and Technology Program“Research and Development of High Performance
Alnico magnets Non-quenched and Tempered Steels”, focusing on controlling of the morphology and size of sulfides and its effect on microstructure and mechanical properties.The effect of sulfides on microstructure refining has been studied for a medium carbon high sulfide steel in industrial production route of 30t EAF(Electric Arc Furnace) + LFV(Ladle Furnace Vacuum) + MC(Mould Casting) + CR(Continuous Rolling).
Results show that sulfides can be refined and disperse evenly after continuous multi-pass rolling, with the average width of sulfides being 4.91μm, the average length being 14.27μm, the average aspect ratio being 3.03, and the average area being 44.72μm2. The sulfides can refine the microstructure due to their pinning effect, and the reefing effect shows Zener relation.De-oxidation process and sulfide modification process have been studied in a 10 kg non-vacuum melting furnace for a non-quenched and tempered microalloyed steel 38MnVS6, which is used as crankshaft of cars. Results show that Al de-oxidation and Si-Ca-RE treatment can result in fine and dispersedly http://www.999magnet.com distributed oxide and sulfide inclusions. Sulfides with oxides inside can act as the nucleation site for intra-ferrite and ferrite can form in the Mn-poor region around MnS, which can also play a role in refining ferrite. Simulated studies on controlled forging and controlled cooling have been carried out for the 38MnVS6 steel produced in the route of 30t EAF + LFV + MC. Results show that vanadium and titanium cabonitrides formed on sulfides during cooling after forging can act as nucleation site of intra-granular ferrite, resulting in an increase in the amount and a decrease in the average size of ferrites. The Mn-poor region formed in the vicinity of MnS during reheating can further increase the amount and decrease the average size of ferrites. On the effect of microstructure refinement by pinning austenite grain boundary and formating intra-grain ferrite, the 38MnVS6 steel has a good impact flexibility at high and low temperature.
2012年9月10日星期一
Application of Ionic Liquids and Pd/C in the Preparation of Polyketone
Application of Ionic Liquids and Pd/C in the Preparation of Polyketone
Polyketone prepared by the copolymerization of carbon monoxide(CO) and styrene(ST) has good mechanical properties especially photodegradability which has caused widespread concern as a new type of environmentally friendly material.However,these catalysts are too expensive to be afforded by most chemical industries.The objective of our work is to improve the catalytic activity of palladium system,and we used ionic liquids as solvent for palladium catalyzed copolymerization of carbon monoxide and styrene.We also used Pd/C as catalyst for the recycling of catalyst in order to achieve lower product costs purpose.Eleven ionic liquids as solvent for palladium-catalyzed copolymerization of carbon monoxide and styrene were prepared under traditional and microwave irradiation.The Special shape NdFeB magnets process of traditional and microwave methods were compared. The influence of different kinds of inoic liquids on the reaction was investigated.We used all ionic liquids as solvent for palladium-catalyzed copolymerization of carbon and styrene.Ionic liquids and copolymer were characterized by elemental analysis,DSC, GPC,1HNMR spectroscopy and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(IR).The different palladium catalysts,amount of ionic liquid,amount of BQ,amount of styrene,reaction time,reaction temperature and the reusability of catalyst-ionic liquid system were discussed.The copolymerization between CO and styrene is implemented in the ionic liquid in the presence of the novel palladium/rare-earth catalytic system.The highest catalytic activity was 884.70gSTCO/(gPd·h) when reaching optimum conditions.It was also found that of composite catalyst in ionic liquids still kept 38.57% http://www.999magnet.com cativity after 4 successive recycles.Pd/C is used as catalyst of the carbon monoxide and styrene copolymerization.The catalyst and the product are characterized by the means of IR,DSC,GPC,XPS.We also investigate the influence of several reaction conditions(the amount of Pd/C,reaction time,reaction temperature,the amount of acid,the amount of 2,2’-bipy).The catalytic activity reaches 1020.72gSTCO/(gPd·h).It was also found that the Pd/C catalyst also has catalytic activity after 12 times.
Polyketone prepared by the copolymerization of carbon monoxide(CO) and styrene(ST) has good mechanical properties especially photodegradability which has caused widespread concern as a new type of environmentally friendly material.However,these catalysts are too expensive to be afforded by most chemical industries.The objective of our work is to improve the catalytic activity of palladium system,and we used ionic liquids as solvent for palladium catalyzed copolymerization of carbon monoxide and styrene.We also used Pd/C as catalyst for the recycling of catalyst in order to achieve lower product costs purpose.Eleven ionic liquids as solvent for palladium-catalyzed copolymerization of carbon monoxide and styrene were prepared under traditional and microwave irradiation.The Special shape NdFeB magnets process of traditional and microwave methods were compared. The influence of different kinds of inoic liquids on the reaction was investigated.We used all ionic liquids as solvent for palladium-catalyzed copolymerization of carbon and styrene.Ionic liquids and copolymer were characterized by elemental analysis,DSC, GPC,1HNMR spectroscopy and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(IR).The different palladium catalysts,amount of ionic liquid,amount of BQ,amount of styrene,reaction time,reaction temperature and the reusability of catalyst-ionic liquid system were discussed.The copolymerization between CO and styrene is implemented in the ionic liquid in the presence of the novel palladium/rare-earth catalytic system.The highest catalytic activity was 884.70gSTCO/(gPd·h) when reaching optimum conditions.It was also found that of composite catalyst in ionic liquids still kept 38.57% http://www.999magnet.com cativity after 4 successive recycles.Pd/C is used as catalyst of the carbon monoxide and styrene copolymerization.The catalyst and the product are characterized by the means of IR,DSC,GPC,XPS.We also investigate the influence of several reaction conditions(the amount of Pd/C,reaction time,reaction temperature,the amount of acid,the amount of 2,2’-bipy).The catalytic activity reaches 1020.72gSTCO/(gPd·h).It was also found that the Pd/C catalyst also has catalytic activity after 12 times.
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